<hdr>The World Factbook 1994: Russia<nl>Geography</hdr><body>
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<item><hi format=bold>Location:</hi> Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with Europe), between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean
<item><hi format=bold>Area:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>total area:</hi> 17,075,200 sq km
<item>• <hi format=ital>land area:</hi> 16,995,800 sq km
<item>• <hi format=ital>comparative area:</hi> slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US
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<item><hi format=bold>Land boundaries:</hi> total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
<item><hi format=bold>Coastline:</hi> 37,653 km
<item><hi format=bold>Maritime claims:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>continental shelf:</hi> 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
<item><hi format=bold>International disputes:</hi> inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with China; islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; Russia may dispute current de facto maritime border of midpoint of Caspian Sea from shore; potential dispute with Ukraine over Crimea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation
<item><hi format=bold>Climate:</hi> ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
<item><hi format=bold>Terrain:</hi> broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
<item><hi format=bold>Natural resources:</hi> wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
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<item>• <hi format=ital>note:</hi> formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
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<item><hi format=bold>Land use:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>arable land:</hi> 8%
<item>• <hi format=ital>permanent crops:</hi> NA%
<item>• <hi format=ital>meadows and pastures:</hi> NA%
<item>• <hi format=ital>forest and woodland:</hi> NA%
<item>• <hi format=ital>other:</hi> NA%
<item>• <hi format=ital>note:</hi> agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land area
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<item><hi format=bold>Irrigated land:</hi> 56,000 sq km (1992)
<item><hi format=bold>Environment:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>current issues:</hi> air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination
<item>• <hi format=ital>natural hazards:</hi> permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development
<item>• <hi format=ital>international agreements:</hi> party to—Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified—Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea
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<item><hi format=bold>Note:</hi> largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture
